Genetic engineering for disease resistance in plants. Refer to this glossary of the plant disease resistance codes for common plant and seedcrop pathogens, including the acronyms and type of causal organism. Pdf disease resistance is often defined as reduction of pathogen growth on or in the plant. Some key discoveries in the area of disease resistance genetics and resistance gene function that have been made in maize are listed below.
Steps and methods of plant breeding for disease resistance. The concept of evolving multiline hybrids to combat the ever increasing threat from bioraces, especially in the cereal rusts, now engages the attention of plant breeders. Generally, the rate of reproduction is considerably reduced which limits the spread of disease. Screening the spanish barley core collection for disease. Plant disease resistance protects plants from pathogens in two ways. Relative to a susceptible plant, disease resistance is the reduction of pathogen growth on or in the plant and hence a reduction of disease. Broadspectrum resistance bsr is a desirable trait because it confers resistance against more than one pathogen species or against the majority of races or strains of the same pathogen. Plant breeding for disease resistance crop losses due to plant diseases is up to 2030 per cent, or sometimes even total. The collection was screened for resistance to powdery mildew blumeria graminis, scald rhynchosporium secalis, leaf. Plant breeding must bring forward crop varieties that are disease resistant and resilient, and require fewer inputs. It discusses the economic impact of pests and diseas. A conventional method of breeding for disease resistance usually follows the same steps as that of normal hybridization programme.
Disease resistance is often defined as reduction of pathogen growth on or in the plant. Plant breeding is a method of altering the genetic pattern of plants to increase their value and utility for human welfare. Breeding for disease resistance in plants springerlink. Lettuce breeding and genetics united states department of agriculture. Plant breeding for disease resistance essay plants. Breeding poplars for disease resistance food and agriculture. Mutagenesis in plant breeding for disease and pathogen resistance. Recent developments in genomic selection for minor gene. Pdf qtl analysis of multigenic disease resistance in plant. Breeding for disease resistance in multiple crops integration of disciplines.
Pdf plant breeding for disease resistance in the age of effectors. It discusses the economic impact of pests and diseases. There are several methods used for disease control, but the most effective and economic method is breeding for host plant resistance. In the outstanding questions box, we present some examples of challenges faced in genetic engineering for resistance. Perhaps improved or new disease resistance is required, or increased seed size, or simply increased yield to make the crop profitable.
The possibility of raising varieties resistant to virus, bacteria, fungi, and insects is an attractive prospect for the practical plant breeder. In section 1, methods of control are compared and contrasted, and the general principles and methods of breeding for resistance are. Diseases of wheat, mostly caused by fungal pathogens and a few by viruses and bacteria, are important production constraints in almost all wheatgrowing environments rajaram and van ginkel, 1996. Plant breeding is an art and science, which tells us ways and means to change the genetic architecture of plants so as to attain a particular objective.
Phase 1 the breeder identifies the needs of the farmers and the deficiencies in the current varieties. Breeding for disease resistance breeding methods for disease resistance vary depending on whether the resistance is considered to be qualitative or quantitative. Nelson in this century, the use of resistant varieties has become the single most important means for controlling diseases. The objectives may be a crop improvement b improved agronomic characters c resistance against biotic and abiotic stress 1. In the breeding work, the screening of resistance is. In such situation if the crops are made disease resistant, food production is increased and use of fungicides and bactericides would also be reduced. Limited progress has been made in breeding for host plant resistance due to limited knowledge. Breeding for disease resistance in maize springerlink. The difficulty does not appear to be due to restricted variability for insect resistance, as a matter of fact, the genus lycopersicon is replete with good reports on resistance to various mites and insect pests 25. Generalized resistance to biotypes of the pathogen is the ultimate goal but difficult to attain. Plant diseases reduce crop yields and threaten global food security, making the selection of disease resistant cultivars a major goal of crop breeding.
Mutagenesis in plant breeding for disease and pest resistance 197 protein receptors coded by r genes in every single cell in contrast to invertebrate animals that have circulating system, which constitute s to important distinction between plant and. It denotes less disease development in a genotype than that in the susceptible variety and is a relative attribute. Department of plant pathology, physiology and weed science, fralin biotechnology center, virginia tech, blacksburg, va 240610346, usa plant disease resistance genes r genes encode proteins that detect pathogens. Pdf on feb 1, 2009, richard oliver and others published plant breeding for disease resistance in the age of effectors find, read and cite all. Mutagenesis in plant breeding for disease and pathogen. Introduction plants are exposed to a widerange of pests and pathogens, encompassing bacteria, fungi, oomycetes, viruses, nematodes, and insects but only in specific interactions does this result in disease. Following are the major objectives of plant breeding. Let us have a detailed look at the objectives and steps involved in plant breeding. The book should prove to be a useful reference work in libraries, not only for undergraduates, but also for plant breeders, plant pathologists, entomologists and agronomists. Oftentimes, pathogens mutate faster than breeders can produce new varieties. Mutagenesis in plant breeding for disease and pest resistance. Plant breeding for pest and disease resistance by g. Ryan contreras will outline how new cultivars are selected for disease resistance and highlight examples from his research program in the department. Many bsr genes have been cloned in plants and have been.
Answers to these questions will fill important knowledge gaps and can be used to develop new strategies for engineering plant disease resistance. Sequencing of these mutants identified the single nucleotide polymorphisms snps when compared to their parents. Genetic resistance is the cheapest and the best method of minimizing such losses. Resistance to nearly all pathogens occurs abundantly in our crops. Qualitative plant disease resistance is resistance controlled by a single resistance r gene recognizing a virulence factors in a classic gene for gene mechanism. Mutagenesis in plant breeding for disease and pathogen resistance aamir raina and mohammad danish department of botany, aligarh muslim university, india. Nelson free pdf d0wnl0ad, audio books, books to read, good books to read, cheap books, good books, online books, books online, book. Navigating complexity to breed diseaseresistant crops nature.
Lettuce breeding and genetics united states department of. This is horizontal resistance, pioneered by canadianbritish plant scientist dr. Plant breeding and genetics university of california, davis. The genes harbouring these structural mutations were also identified. The book is divided into six sections, comprising 14 chapters. Pdf journal of plant breeding and crop science stability.
The ultimate goal of plant breeding is to develop improved crops. To develop plants that can tolerate extreme environmental stress. Plant breeding for disease resistance essay plants biology. Plant breeding for pest and disease resistance sciencedirect. Plant breeding can be accomplished through many different techniques ranging from simply selecting plants with desirable characteristics for propagation, to methods that make use of knowledge of. Glossary of plant disease resistance codes johnnys. Application of genetic engineering in plant breeding for. Review on genetics and breeding of tomato lycopersicon. Populus breeding programmes and disease resistance. Plant breeding techniques in a new era 9 outlook 21st century agriculture faces the huge challenge of producing more food in a more sustainable way. Great progress has been made in the past 25 years in our.
Plant breeding david luckett and gerald halloran what is. Fungal, bacterial, viral and nematode pathogens attack the cultivated crops. Ryan contreras will outline how new cultivars are selected for disease resistance and highlight examples from his research program in. Breeding is done either by conventional methods or by mutation breeding. Crop plants are attacked by various diseases and insects, resulting in considerable yield losses. Pdf journal of plant breeding and crop science stability of. R genes have been used in resistance breeding programs for decades, with varying degrees of success. Also helps reduce the dependence on use of fungicides and bactericides. Plant breeding can be a sustainable and effective approach to obtain disease resistance. Insect resistant breeding in tomato has not been as successful as disease resistance breeding. Certainly it would make an impressive pinnacle, and few could dispute that diseaseresis tant cultivars have been a major contribution of plant breeders. Much of the resistance exploited by breeders is of the major gene type. It denotes less disease development in a genotype than that in the susceptible variety and is a relative. Pdf screening for resistant barley genotypes in response to fungal toxin of bipolaris sorokiniana was assessed on standing barley plants as well as in find.
Grain yield tha winter wheat 9 8 7 6 1982 1987 national yield spline fitted to national yield. In this chapter, four case studies of this breeding approach are presented and their effectiveness in ssa clearly highlighted. However, the classical plant breeding methods are in general slow, laborious and time consuming. Disease resistance plant breeding can be a sustainable and effective approach to obtain disease resistance. This welcome text is divided into 6 independent sections, dealing respectively with some concepts of breeding for resistance. Generalized resistance to biotypes of the pathogen is the ultimate goal but dif. Nov, 2017 there are several methods used for disease control, but the most effective and economic method is breeding for host plant resistance.
Concepts in plant disease resistance infection, there is a tendency to apply high inoculum densities. Plant resistance and strategies for breeding resistant varieties. Traditional farming can only yield limited food for humans and animals. Resistant crop varieties have been selected by traditional breeding for more than 100 years, the first mention of wheat disease resistance breeding programs dating from biffen 1905. Here is an essay on plant breeding for disease resistance for class 9, 10, 11 and 12. Plant breeding for disease resistance in modern agriculture. It has been used to improve the quality of nutrition in products for humans and animals.
Resistant varieties are developed through the use of resistant donor parents available in the gene pool. Foliar disease resistant and productive mutants from the. Plant breeding can be accomplished through many different techniques ranging from simply selecting plants with desirable characteristics for propagation, to more complex molecular techniques. The main hindrance to higher yield is the susceptibility of plants towards disease caused by fungi, bacteria and viruses and to insects and pests. The spanish barley core collection comprises 159 landracederived inbred lines and 16 cultivars adapted to southern european conditions.
But plant breeding as a technology increased yield to a very large extent. The optimal inoculum density is the density whereby escapes are largely prevented while only the most susceptible cultivars. Using radiation breeding, traits for yield, quality, taste and disease and pest resistance have been improved in cereals, legumes, cotton, peppermint, sunflowers, peanut. In the absence of genetic resistance in crops, food production heavily relies on chemical control of pathogens. Plant breeding for pest and disease resistance 1st edition. Breed in as many disease resistant genes as you can, though, and youre insured against multiple threats. Evaluation of m 1, m 2 and m 3 generations could identify foliar disease resistant and productive mutants. The collection was screened for resistance to powdery mildew blumeria graminis, scald rhynchosporium secalis, leaf rust puccinia hordei, net blotch pyrenophora teres f. Plant breeding is very useful for making the crop more resistant with plant breeding, alteration of the genes could bring a disease free plant or help in removing the harmful disease character traits from the plant and inserting the useful genes to make the plant crop more resistant to factors such as disease, drought and son and so for. Relative to a susceptible plant, disease resistance is the reduction of pathogen growth on or in the plant and hence a reduction of disease, while the term disease tolerance describes plants that exhibit little disease damage. Breeding and rapid development of disease resistance in florida tomato cultivars jeremy d.
Targeted genome editing is a promising alternative to classical breeding abbasi et al. Feb, 2018 in this session, ornamental plant breeder dr. Complete resistance in such cases is easily detectable, but small differences in susceptibility tend to disappear. Qtl analysis of multigenic disease resistance in plant breeding while another qtl only in. Plant breeding pdf download important agri learner. Understanding plant breeding for disease resistance youtube. Cassava brown streak disease cbsd is the most devastating disease of cassava in southern, eastern and cntral africa, and can cause up to 100% yield loss. Exploiting broadspectrum disease resistance in crops. Plant breeding how to cross new lettuce varieties duration. Qtl analysis of multigenic disease resistance in plant. The selected mutants were resistant to leaf spots early and late and rust diseases, and significantly more productive than the parents and gpbd 4. In breeding for resistance, specific resistance is not the ideal to aim at. It is a purposeful manipulation of plants to create desired plant types that are better suited for cultivation, give better yield and are disease resistant. Plant breeding is the science of changing the traits of plants in order to produce desired characteristics.
Plant breeding consists of four main phases all of which run concurrently in an established program. Plant breeding companies develop varieties with higher yield potential, more durable pest and disease resistance, and marketrelevant enduse quality, making plant breeding the single biggest contributor to productivity gains in our major crops. Breeding and development of cultivars resistant to disease enhances food production. The cheapest and most effective method to resolve the problem of diseases is the use of resistant varieties.
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